Mike Mentzer workout

Mike Mentzer’s introduction of the Heavy Duty training system marked a groundbreaking revolution in the world of bodybuilding. Particularly in the transformative period between the 1979 and 1980 Mr. Olympias competitions, high-intensity training (HIT) found its pinnacle through its most ardent advocate, Mike Mentzer. During this era, HIT seemed poised to redefine bodybuilding practices fundamentally. By adopting and further refining Arthur Jones’s HIT philosophy, Mentzer crafted his innovative approach, which he aptly named “Heavy Duty.” This method emphasized a significant reduction in repetitions, an increase in the weight lifted, and sets that were markedly more challenging.

The “Mike Mentzer Workout Results” spotlight the efficacy of the Heavy Duty system, illustrating how it deviated from conventional training methodologies to offer something markedly more intense and focused. By pushing bodybuilders to engage in fewer reps with higher weights and more challenging sets, Mentzer’s approach aimed not just at increasing muscle mass but at enhancing muscle quality and strength in a way that was previously unimagined.

Decades on, the legacy of Mentzer’s Heavy Duty training system continues to resonate within the weight-training community. Its principles have influenced generations of athletes and trainers, underscoring the lasting impact of Mentzer’s philosophy on the pursuit of peak physical conditioning and bodybuilding excellence. Through this lens, the “Mike Mentzer Workout Results” are not just a testament to the success of an individual or a system but a milestone in the evolution of bodybuilding training methodologies.

Mike Mentzer, circa 19Mike Mentzer, circa 1980

MIKE MENTZER DISCOVERS HIGH-INTENSITY 

The world of bodybuilding witnessed a groundbreaking moment when 19-year-old Casey Viator clinched the 1971 Mr. America title, having trained under the guidance of Arthur Jones in a High-Intensity Training (HIT) style. This victory not only stirred the bodybuilding community but also introduced another remarkable talent, Mike Mentzer, who, at the same age, secured an impressive 10th place in the same competition. The achievement of the new Mr. America served as a bridge, connecting Mentzer with Arthur Jones, the mastermind behind HIT. This encounter was the catalyst for Mentzer’s transformative journey in bodybuilding.

Soon after meeting Jones, Mentzer embarked on a path of intensive learning and training revision under the tutelage of HIT’s creator. His dedication and adaptability to this rigorous training regimen marked the beginning of a significant evolution in his bodybuilding career. The culmination of this journey was his triumphant win at the 1976 Mr. America competition, a victory that celebrated not only his exceptional physique but also his innovative training philosophy.

Mentzer’s success propelled him into the spotlight, establishing him as a proponent of high-intensity training. He utilized his newfound platform to educate and inspire others by writing articles for the prestigious Muscle Builder/Power magazine. In his writings, he shared insights and techniques on how to intensify workouts, directly influencing the training approaches of countless bodybuilders. The narrative of “MIKE MENTZER DISCOVERS HIGH-INTENSITY” training encapsulates a pivotal moment in bodybuilding history, highlighting Mentzer’s journey from a promising newcomer to a pioneering advocate of HIT. His legacy is a testament to the power of innovation and intensity in the pursuit of physical excellence.

MIKE MENTZER’S WORKOUT SYSTEM

Mike Mentzer took the principles of High-Intensity Training (HIT) to new heights, advocating for a more rigorous approach than what was traditionally known. While Arthur Jones, the pioneer behind HIT, recommended completing one set of 20 reps per exercise, Mentzer proposed a significant shift in this methodology. His strategy, encapsulated within the “MIKE MENTZER’S WORKOUT SYSTEM,” involved adjusting the ideal repetition range to between 6 and 8, selecting weights heavy enough to reach absolute failure within this range. However, Mentzer’s philosophy pushed boundaries even further, asserting that reaching failure was merely the starting point.

The essence of Mentzer’s Heavy Duty system was its emphasis on pushing beyond conventional failure through advanced techniques such as forced reps, negative reps, rest-pause sets, and particularly pre-exhaust supersets. These methods were designed not just for enhanced muscle stimulation but for surpassing previous limitations of strength and endurance.

Central to implementing Mentzer’s intense workout regimen was the role of a training partner. Mike Mentzer, often training alongside his brother Ray Mentzer, the 1979 Mr. America winner, utilized his partner’s assistance to transcend the boundaries of solitary training. This partnership enabled the execution of forced reps by slightly alleviating the load to achieve additional repetitions beyond failure, facilitating negative reps by ensuring the weight was lowered as slowly and controlled as possible, and supporting through rest-pause reps, allowing for brief recovery periods before continuing the set.

The “MIKE MENTZER’S WORKOUT SYSTEM” was not just about lifting heavier weights but about a holistic approach to intensity, recovery, and pushing the limits of physical endurance and muscle growth. It represented a significant evolution in bodybuilding training, highlighting Mentzer’s innovative spirit and his commitment to exploring the outer edges of physical potential. Through this system, Mentzer has left an indelible mark on the fitness world, demonstrating that with the right techniques and dedication, boundaries are meant to be pushed.

Mike Mentzer helps brother Ray go beyond failure on machine shoulder presses.

At the heart of High-Intensity Training (HIT) lies a principle that challenges conventional bodybuilding wisdom: the importance of low workout volume. Arthur Jones, a proponent of HIT, famously stated that the real secret to muscle growth and strength gains was high intensity. According to Jones, when training is conducted at such a high level of intensity, the need for excessive volume diminishes significantly. This foundational belief is a cornerstone of “MIKE MENTZER’S WORKOUT SYSTEM,” which emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness over the quantity of exercises performed.

In 1979, Mike Mentzer took this concept to the next level by recommending a highly structured regimen that consisted of only 3-6 working sets per body part, counting supersets as two sets. This approach was complemented by one or two lighter warm-up sets per exercise, designed to prepare the muscles for the intense workload to come without contributing to unnecessary volume. Furthermore, Mentzer’s system advocated for a disciplined schedule of just three workouts per week, with each body part being trained twice every 8-9 days. This frequency was a departure from the norms of the time, especially when compared to most modern bodybuilders who typically work each body part once a week.

Mentzer also addressed the skepticism often associated with low-volume training in his writings. He acknowledged the common belief that ‘more is always better,’ a concept that many apply broadly, from financial success to exercise routines. However, Mentzer argued against this one-size-fits-all mentality, especially in the context of bodybuilding. He suggested that blindly increasing exercise volume in hopes of superior results is a misunderstanding of how the body responds to stress and recovery.

The philosophy behind “MIKE MENTZER’S WORKOUT SYSTEM” is rooted in the understanding that true progress in bodybuilding comes from the quality of the workout rather than the quantity. By focusing on high-intensity, low-volume training, Mentzer’s approach seeks to optimize muscle growth and strength development within a framework that respects the body’s need for recovery and adaptation. This method stands as a testament to the idea that with the right approach, less can indeed be more, offering a counterpoint to the prevailing ‘more is better’ mentality in fitness and bodybuilding circles.

HEAVY DUTY ENDURES 

In the world of professional bodybuilding, few have made an impact as quickly and as profoundly as Mike Mentzer. By 1979, at the age of 27 and in his rookie year, Mentzer was already turning heads, not just for his competitive successes but for his remarkable physical attributes, particularly the density of his shoulders, arms, and legs. His triumph in the heavyweight division of the Mr. Olympia competition that year, with Frank Zane taking the overall title, solidified his status as the future of bodybuilding. Yet, it wasn’t just his prowess on the stage that left a lasting impression; Mentzer’s intellectual contributions to the sport were equally groundbreaking.

The year 1980 saw the release of two influential Heavy Duty booklets, which, alongside his articles, seminars, and a thriving mail-order business, propelled Mike Mentzer’s training philosophy to the forefront of the bodybuilding conversation. “HEAVY DUTY ENDURES” is not merely a statement but a testament to the enduring influence of Mentzer’s ideas. His approach to training, characterized by its emphasis on high intensity over high volume, was as revolutionary as his physique was inspiring.

Through his written works and public speaking, Mentzer disseminated his beliefs about the optimal way to achieve muscular growth and strength, challenging the prevailing norms of the time. His philosophy resonated with athletes and enthusiasts alike, cementing his legacy not only as a top-tier competitor but also as a thought leader in the bodybuilding community.

Today, the principles of Heavy Duty training continue to influence bodybuilders around the globe, proving that Mike Mentzer’s impact extends far beyond his achievements in competition. His approach to training, with its focus on efficiency and intensity, remains a beacon for those seeking to maximize their physical potential. The lasting popularity of Mentzer’s Heavy Duty method underscores the significance of his contributions to the sport and the timeless appeal of his training philosophy.

Mentzer grinds out leg extensions.

In the competitive realm of bodybuilding, Mike Mentzer’s introduction of a lower-repetition High-Intensity Training (HIT) method was a radical departure from conventional practices. Initially, this novel approach captivated many within the bodybuilding community, although a significant number eventually reverted to more traditional, moderate training systems. The 1980 Mr. Olympia competition marked a pivotal moment in Mentzer’s career and in the sport itself. Arnold Schwarzenegger, a towering figure representing the established norms, clinched the title, while the insurgent, 28-year-old Mentzer finished in a controversial fifth place. This outcome led Mentzer to retire from competitive bodybuilding, and he largely withdrew from active training thereafter. Mike Mentzer passed away in 2001 at the age of 49, leaving behind a legacy that transcended his competitive achievements.

Despite his retirement and untimely death, the influence of Mentzer’s “HEAVY DUTY ENDURES” workout philosophy continued to resonate within the bodybuilding community. Dorian Yates, a six-time Mr. Olympia winner throughout the 1990s, was among the most notable figures to adopt Mentzer’s methodologies, cementing the credibility and effectiveness of Heavy Duty training. The demand for Mentzer’s books and courses remained strong, reflecting an enduring interest in his innovative approach. As a result, there was a noticeable shift in training paradigms; workout frequency decreased while intensity surged, underscoring the principle that less can indeed be more when executed with sufficient intensity.

Mentzer’s philosophy has also influenced the development of other high-intensity training programs, such as Doggcrapp and Max-OT, demonstrating the broad applicability of his principles beyond the strict confines of traditional bodybuilding. Across the globe, countless weight trainers continue to embrace the ethos of going “heavy for brief, brutal workouts,” a testament to the enduring appeal of Mentzer-inspired routines. More than two decades after his passing, the essence of “HEAVY DUTY ENDURES” lives on, affirming Mike Mentzer’s lasting impact on the philosophy and practice of bodybuilding and strength training.

MIKE MENTZER WORKOUT TENETS

It takes two spotters to help Mentzer go beyond failure on 225-lb. barbell curls.

MIKE MENTZER FULL WORKOUT

Dive into the essence of Mike Mentzer’s Heavy Duty training with this comprehensive guide to his 1979 routine. After stepping away from the competitive stage, Mentzer took his pioneering philosophy further, advocating for an even more reduced volume of training. He proposed an astonishingly minimal approach, suggesting as few as just one or two all-out sets per body part, spaced out every two weeks. Despite this minimalist strategy, the routine we’re focusing on today offers a balanced, practical, and highly effective embodiment of the Heavy Duty method that Mentzer championed.

The cornerstone of the “MIKE MENTZER FULL WORKOUT” is intensity above all else. Each session begins with necessary warm-ups for every exercise to prepare the muscles and joints for the workload ahead. Following the warm-up, the workout progresses to the crux of Mentzer’s philosophy: pushing working sets to their absolute limit. Aim for 6-8 reps at full-rep failure, challenging your muscles to their maximum capacity. But the effort doesn’t stop there; Mentzer encouraged going beyond traditional failure by incorporating advanced techniques such as forced reps, negatives, and rest-pause methods. These techniques allow for 1-3 additional reps, driving the muscles beyond their perceived limits and into the realm of true Heavy Duty training.

Adhering to this regimen requires more than just physical strength—it demands mental fortitude and a commitment to pushing the boundaries of one’s capabilities. The “MIKE MENTZER FULL WORKOUT” is not just a workout routine; it’s a testament to the efficacy of high-intensity training. By meticulously following Mentzer’s guidance, adherents can experience significant gains in muscle strength and size, underscoring the lasting relevance of his Heavy Duty principles. Whether you’re a seasoned bodybuilder or a fitness enthusiast looking to elevate your training regimen, embracing the intensity and precision of this workout can lead to unparalleled results.

WORKOUT A: LEGS, CHEST, TRICEPS

Old school and Heavy Duty: Mentzer calf pressing.

ANALYSIS: 

In the exploration of Mike Mentzer’s revolutionary approach to bodybuilding, a key component that stands out is his implementation of pre-exhaust supersets, a technique that has intrigued and inspired fitness enthusiasts and professionals alike. This “ANALYSIS” sheds light on one of Mentzer’s hallmark strategies, starting with the ingenious pairing of leg extensions before leg presses. This sequence is not random but a calculated effort to pre-fatigue the muscles, maximizing the effectiveness of each workout session.

Further dissecting Mentzer’s method reveals his unconventional decision to perform squats after completing the leg extension and leg press superset. This sequence is particularly noteworthy because it challenges traditional workout norms. Squats, being a compound movement that engages multiple muscle groups, are typically performed early in a workout when the athlete is freshest. Mentzer’s approach, however, deliberately fatigues the legs first, ensuring that the quads are already taxed by the time squats are performed. This forces the muscles to work harder and potentially leads to greater gains.

Another intriguing aspect of Mentzer’s regimen is his approach to repetitions, particularly for muscles like the calves. Conventional wisdom often suggests higher reps for calf exercises, based on the belief that these muscles, being accustomed to constant use from walking and standing, need more stimulus to grow. Yet, Mentzer applied the same rigorous 6-8 reps to failure, followed by an additional 1-3 after-failure reps, across all body parts, including the calves. This consistency in rep strategy across different muscle groups underscores Mentzer’s belief in the universality of his high-intensity training principles, regardless of the muscle being worked.

This “ANALYSIS” of Mentzer’s workout philosophy, specifically his use of pre-exhaust supersets followed by a challenging squat routine, and a uniform approach to reps, highlights the thoughtfulness and intention behind his methods. By pushing the boundaries of conventional training wisdom, Mentzer’s techniques invite a reevaluation of established norms and encourage athletes to experiment with intensity and sequencing to unlock new levels of muscular development and strength.

ANALYSIS: 

In the realm of bodybuilding, the strategic sequencing of exercises can profoundly impact muscle growth and strength. This “ANALYSIS” delves into a specific segment of Mike Mentzer’s innovative workout regimen, focusing on his approach to chest development. A key technique Mentzer employed was the pre-exhaust superset, a method designed to maximize muscular fatigue and stimulation for enhanced growth. Specifically, he advocated for performing flyes before transitioning to presses, a sequence that intentionally targets the chest muscles in a unique and effective manner.

The rationale behind starting with flyes—a more isolated chest exercise—prior to engaging in presses, which recruit additional muscle groups, lies in the concept of pre-exhaustion. By first executing flyes, Mentzer aimed to fatigue the chest muscles, ensuring that when the presses are performed, the pre-exhausted chest must work even harder. This technique is predicated on the belief that by isolating and tiring the muscle group first, subsequent compound exercises can elicit a greater degree of stimulation and growth.

Mentzer’s inclusion of weighted dips as the concluding exercise in his chest routine further exemplifies his preference for ending workouts with a compound movement. Weighted dips not only require significant chest activation but also engage the shoulders and triceps, making them an ideal choice for intensifying the workout’s cumulative impact on the upper body. This choice aligns with Mentzer’s overall philosophy of high-intensity training, emphasizing the importance of pushing muscles to their limits through carefully chosen exercises and sequences.

The “ANALYSIS” of Mentzer’s pre-exhaust superset strategy for chest highlights a thoughtful approach to bodybuilding that prioritizes intensity and precision. By starting with flyes to directly target the chest muscles and concluding with weighted dips to engage multiple upper body muscle groups, Mentzer crafted a routine that challenges conventional workout structures and encourages a deeper understanding of exercise sequencing for optimal muscle growth.

ANALYSIS: 

Mike Mentzer’s approach to bodybuilding was characterized by meticulous planning and strategic exercise sequencing. This “ANALYSIS” focuses on a segment of his workout regimen designed to target pushing muscle groups, specifically examining the rationale behind working triceps immediately after chest exercises. Mentzer’s method, renowned for its emphasis on high-intensity training and efficiency, showcases the importance of sequence in maximizing workout effectiveness.

In Mentzer’s push workout, the transition from chest exercises to triceps is a deliberate effort to capitalize on the synergistic relationship between these two pushing body parts. By scheduling the triceps workout immediately after chest exercises, Mentzer leverages the fact that the triceps are already partially pre-fatigued from their secondary role in chest exercises like presses and flyes. This strategic placement is not just about convenience; it’s about enhancing muscle engagement and growth through accumulated fatigue.

To further amplify this effect, Mentzer introduces another pre-exhaust superset specifically for the triceps. This technique, consistent with his philosophy across different muscle groups, involves starting with an isolation exercise to target the triceps directly, thus pre-exhausting them before moving on to compound movements that require their involvement. This method ensures that by the time the triceps are worked directly, they are already primed for maximum stimulation, leading to more effective muscle growth and strength development.

The “ANALYSIS” of this push workout segment from Mentzer’s training regimen highlights the strategic thinking behind exercise order and selection. By understanding the functional relationship between muscle groups and the impact of exercise sequencing on muscle fatigue and growth, Mentzer’s approach provides valuable insights for anyone looking to optimize their training for better results. The push workout, focusing on triceps after chest and incorporating a pre-exhaust superset for the triceps, exemplifies how thoughtful workout design can lead to more efficient and effective sessions.

WORKOUT B: BACK, TRAPEZIUS, SHOULDERS, BICEPS

Forced reps on Nautilus machine pullovers.

ANALYSIS: 

In dissecting Mike Mentzer’s nuanced approach to muscle development, we uncover the strategic employment of pre-exhaust supersets within his routines. This “ANALYSIS” delves into the specific application of this technique to back training, illustrating Mentzer’s keen understanding of muscle mechanics and exercise efficacy. His method begins with machine pullovers—a movement that isolates the lats (latissimus dorsi muscles) while minimizing bicep engagement—followed by underhand pulldowns, which then engage both the lats and the biceps.

The choice of machine pullovers as the starting point in this superset is deliberate. By focusing on the lats without the compensatory aid of the biceps, Mentzer ensures that the primary target muscle is pre-fatigued. This ensures that when the underhand pulldowns are performed, the lats are already under significant stress, allowing for a deeper and more focused muscle engagement. It’s a sophisticated tactic that leverages muscle fatigue to enhance growth and strength gains.

Notably, the Nautilus machine pullovers, a staple in Mentzer’s routine, were also favored by Dorian Yates, another proponent of High-Intensity Training (HIT). This shared preference underscores the machine’s effectiveness in isolating and targeting the lats—a critical factor in the development of back strength and aesthetics.

For those who may not have access to a pullover machine, Mentzer suggested viable alternatives to maintain the integrity of the workout. Straight-arm pulldowns or dumbbell pullovers can substitute for machine pullovers, offering similar benefits in terms of lat engagement and pre-exhaustion. This adaptability within Mentzer’s program demonstrates his commitment to accessibility and effectiveness, ensuring that the principles of his training can be applied across a variety of settings.

This “ANALYSIS” highlights the thought process behind Mentzer’s pre-exhaust superset for back training, showcasing a deep understanding of how to strategically target muscle groups for optimal growth. Through the lens of this back workout, we gain insight into the broader principles that guided Mentzer’s influential approach to bodybuilding, emphasizing precision, strategy, and adaptability in pursuit of physical excellence.

Heavy Duty! Mentzer shrugs the Universal machine weight stack and bodybuilder Casey Viator.

ANALYSIS: 

In this detailed “ANALYSIS”, we delve into the workout strategies of Mike Mentzer, particularly his emphasis on developing the trapezius muscles. Known for his remarkable trapezius development, Mentzer strategically allocated more workout sets to his traps (4 sets) compared to his biceps (3 sets) and matched the volume for his triceps (4 sets). This decision underscores a fundamental principle in bodybuilding: the relative size and potential for growth of different muscle groups necessitate tailored training volumes.

Mentzer’s approach to training the trapezius muscles involved a clever use of pre-exhaust supersets, a technique that became a hallmark of his training philosophy. By starting with shrugs—a movement that isolates the traps—and following with upright rows, which engage not only the traps but also the medial deltoids and biceps, Mentzer effectively maximized the workload on the traps. This method of sequencing exercises ensured that the traps were pre-fatigued before being worked in conjunction with other muscles, allowing for a more intense and focused training session targeting this specific area.

For the execution of shrugs, Mentzer had a preference for using a Universal machine, which provided a consistent resistance curve and minimized the risk of injury. However, recognizing that not all training environments would have access to the same equipment, he suggested alternatives such as the Smith machine or free weights. This adaptability in equipment choice reflects Mentzer’s understanding that the principles of effective training—intensity, volume, and proper technique—can be applied across various setups, ensuring that his methods could be embraced by a wider audience.

Through this “ANALYSIS”, it becomes evident that Mentzer’s prioritization of trapezius training over smaller muscle groups like the biceps was not arbitrary but rooted in a strategic approach to bodybuilding. By considering the anatomical and functional aspects of muscle groups, Mentzer crafted a workout regimen that emphasized balance, proportion, and the potential for muscle growth, further cementing his legacy as a thought leader in the field of fitness and bodybuilding.

Heavy Duty Nautilus machine side laterals

ANALYSIS: 

In this “ANALYSIS”, we explore another facet of Mike Mentzer’s innovative approach to bodybuilding, focusing on his method for training shoulders. Mentzer’s strategy involved employing a pre-exhaust superset, a technique that targets the shoulders in a way that maximizes muscle fatigue and growth. Specifically, he recommended performing lateral raises before moving on to shoulder presses, an order designed to pre-fatigue the deltoid muscles before engaging them in a compound movement.

Mentzer’s preference for the Nautilus side lateral machine for performing laterals highlights his inclination towards equipment that offers precise muscle targeting and efficiency, principles championed by Arthur Jones, the creator of Nautilus. However, Mentzer’s methodology remains adaptable for those without access to specific equipment. Any lateral raise machine or even dumbbells can serve as effective alternatives, ensuring that practitioners can still apply the core principles of his shoulder training regimen regardless of their gym’s equipment.

The logic behind starting with lateral raises—a more isolated shoulder exercise—prior to shoulder presses is grounded in the concept of pre-exhaustion. This strategy seeks to engage and fatigue a specific muscle group with an isolation exercise so that by the time a compound exercise is performed, the targeted muscles are already tired. This forces the muscles to work harder during the compound movement, potentially leading to greater strength gains and muscle hypertrophy.

This “ANALYSIS” of Mentzer’s shoulder training underscores the thoughtful application of exercise science to maximize workout effectiveness. By incorporating pre-exhaust supersets into a shoulder routine, Mentzer devised a method that not only enhances muscular endurance and growth but also encourages a more strategic, mindful approach to training. Whether utilizing state-of-the-art machines or basic free weights, the principles embedded in Mentzer’s methodology can guide individuals towards achieving their bodybuilding goals.

ANALYSIS: 

In this “ANALYSIS”, we take a closer look at the final component of Mike Mentzer’s structured pull workout, which intriguingly omits pre-exhaust supersets for the biceps. Unlike other muscle groups where Mentzer applied the pre-exhaust technique to amplify intensity and muscle engagement, the biceps segment adopts a straightforward approach. The decision to forgo pre-exhaustion for biceps training reveals a nuanced understanding of workout balance and muscle fatigue management within a comprehensive pull routine that includes back, traps, and deltoids.

In lieu of pre-exhaust supersets, Mentzer presents an option to combine barbell curls, a quintessential biceps exercise, with chin-ups (performed with an underhand grip). This combination, while not strictly following the pre-exhaust principle, strategically sequences exercises to optimize the workout’s effectiveness. Barbell curls directly target the biceps with focused intensity, while chin-ups, a compound movement, further engage the biceps after primary activation of the back muscles. This sequence allows for additional biceps stimulation without the preceding isolation exercise typical of a pre-exhaust superset.

The delineation of biceps as the last body part to be trained in the pull workout underscores a deliberate programming choice. By positioning biceps training after back, traps, and deltoids, Mentzer leverages the residual fatigue from these preceding exercises. This accumulative fatigue means the biceps are already somewhat pre-conditioned by the time they are directly targeted, aligning with the overarching goal of achieving maximal muscle engagement and growth within the workout.

This “ANALYSIS” highlights Mentzer’s adeptness at tailoring exercise sequences and methodologies to fit the unique demands and characteristics of different muscle groups. By choosing not to apply pre-exhaust supersets universally, Mentzer demonstrates a flexible, thoughtful approach to training that prioritizes efficiency and effectiveness. The biceps segment of the pull workout exemplifies this approach, showcasing how even the absence of certain techniques can be a strategic decision aimed at optimizing workout outcomes.

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